Overview
The following schemes are the argumentation patterns most frequently observed in the dataset.
Each entry shows the abstract logical form followed by an annotated example drawn from the data.
In each example, the implicit element — the proposition requiring annotation — is highlighted in
orange. Explicit premises appear in
green and conclusions in
blue.
In the abstract forms, single-letter tokens such as A, G, P, X
stand for schematic variables and are printed in italics.
Note on what can be implicit.
While the examples below most commonly feature an implicit
premise, the implicit element is not
restricted to premises. In some cases it is the
conclusion that is left unstated and must be
inferred from the explicit premises. Annotators should look out for both patterns. The
online exploration tool contains examples of each kind and can be
used to search for cases where the conclusion is the implicit element.
Abstract Form
| P1 | Action A violates moral principle P |
| P2 | Agent X performed action A |
| Conclusion | Therefore, Agent X acted wrongly / should be condemned |
Example
Tweet
P1[IMPLICIT] Mandating useless vaccines and stripping rights is morally wrong
P2You mandated a useless vaccine and stripped me of my rights
ConclusionYou are acting wrongly / should be condemned
Abstract Form
| P1 | Agent A now claims / supports principle P |
| P2 | Agent A previously violated or denied principle P |
| P3 | Previously violating P while now claiming P is hypocritical |
| Conclusion | Therefore, Agent A is hypocritical / inconsistent |
Example
Tweet
P1Agent A now claims the right to make health decisions is important
P2Agent A previously compelled pregnant women to take experimental vaccines
P3[IMPLICIT] Forcing experimental vaccines violates the right to make health decisions
ConclusionAgent A is hypocritical
Abstract Form
| P1 | Actor A claims that X causes or signals Y |
| P2 | X does not cause or signal Y; the connection is false |
| Conclusion | Therefore, Actor A is misleading or manipulating the audience |
Example
Tweet
P1The anti-vaccine movement claims CPR/AED availability is linked to vaccine dangers
P2[IMPLICIT] There is no link between CPR/AEDs and vaccine dangers
ConclusionThe anti-vaccine movement is gaslighting the population
Abstract Form
| P1 | Party P supports policies X |
| P2 | Policies X are harmful to group G |
| Conclusion | Therefore, Party P has abandoned / harmed group G |
Example
Tweet
P1Labour supports: open borders, depressed wages, votes for migrants, NHS open to the world
P2[IMPLICIT] These policies are harmful to the working class
ConclusionLabour has abandoned the working class
Abstract Form
| P1 | Category C exhibits characteristics X |
| P2 | Agent A exhibits characteristics X |
| Conclusion | Therefore, Agent A belongs to / is acting like category C |
Example
Tweet
P1[IMPLICIT] Communist states lie, force medical interventions, and silence dissent
P2Current authorities lie, force vaccines, and silence dissent (via Twitter)
ConclusionYour country has turned communist
Abstract Form
| P1 | Goal G is good / necessary |
| P2 | Action A promotes or achieves G |
| Conclusion | Therefore, action A is good / necessary |
Example
Tweet
P1The UK needs to become self-sufficient in skills
P2[IMPLICIT] Ending mass immigration helps the UK become self-sufficient in skills
ConclusionThe UK needs to end mass immigration
Abstract Form
| P1 | Standard S requires condition C for X to be acceptable |
| P2 | X does not meet condition C |
| Conclusion | Therefore, X is unacceptable / should not be trusted |
Example
Tweet
P1[IMPLICIT] You should only trust vaccines tested for 7-10 years
P2This vaccine has not been tested for 7-10 years; it is experimental
ConclusionDo not believe in this vaccine
Abstract Form
| P1 | We have Y (substitute) |
| P2 | Y produces the same effect as X |
| Conclusion | Therefore, you do not need X |
Example
Tweet
P1You have the vaccines
P2[IMPLICIT] Vaccines cause the same outcome as abortions (infertility/miscarriage)
ConclusionYou do not need access to abortions (sarcasm)
Abstract Form
| P1 | If Agent A can perform harmful action X, then A cannot be trusted / must be stopped |
| P2 | Agent A can perform harmful action X |
| Conclusion | Therefore, Agent A cannot be trusted / must be stopped |
Example
Tweet
P1[IMPLICIT] If medical professionals can implant chips in people, they cannot be trusted
P2Doctors, dentists, and agents can insert chips via handshakes, injections, and vaccines
ConclusionThe medical system cannot be fully trusted
Abstract Form
| P1 | Action X causes harmful outcome Y |
| P2 | Agent A performed action X |
| Conclusion | Therefore, Agent A is responsible for outcome Y |
Example
Tweet
P1[IMPLICIT] Lockdowns and vaccines caused undiagnosed cancers, depression in children, ruined businesses, and poverty
P2You imposed lockdowns and vaccines
ConclusionYou are responsible for undiagnosed cancers, children's depression, ruined businesses, and poverty
Abstract Form
| P1 | Expert E from domain D asserts that action X is a mistake |
| P2 | If a credible expert considers action X a mistake, then action X is unjustified and should not be enforced |
| Conclusion | Therefore, action X should be overturned / rejected |
Example
Tweet
P1A top Danish health official has stated it is a mistake to recommend COVID-19 vaccines for all children
P2[IMPLICIT] If a credible health authority considers vaccine mandates for children a mistake, then such mandates are unjustified and should not be enforced
ConclusionSCOTUS should toss out mandates as unconstitutional and parents should have control